Camera Obscura is latin for "dark room." The devices date back to the 5th century BC. At its simplest incarnation, a camera obscura consists of a dark box with a pinhole sized "lens" on one side. Light enters the lens and is refracted to produce an image on the opposite side. The cameras were often used as a drawing aid for artists. Camera obscuras can range in size from a small handheld box to room-sized. The smaller sized incarnations evolved into the film cameras we know and love today once light sensitive films were developed.
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